- #Frost line ontario building code how to#
- #Frost line ontario building code code#
- #Frost line ontario building code windows#
^ "Ambient Temperatures - Below Ground". Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry. ^ a b "The 2007 Minnesota State Building Code" (PDF). #Frost line ontario building code code#
^ a b "Frost Depth: Minnesota State Building Code Rules 1303.1600" (PDF) (2007 ed.). FROST PENETRATION ANALYSIS RESULTS - Long-Term Pavement Performance Computed Parameter: Frost Penetration, November 2008 - FHWA-HRT-08-057". Ontario: Map of frost penetration depths for Southern Ontario. Canada: Can use table of estimates based on freezing index degree days. Sample frost lines for various locations There are many ways to predict frost depth including factors which relate air temperature, soil temperature and soil properties. Due to additional cost, this method is typically only used where deeper trenching is not an option due to utility conflicts, shallow bedrock, or other conditions that make deeper excavation infeasible. Alternatively, pipes may be insulated or actively heated using heat-tape or similar products to allow for shallower depths. Water and sewage pipes are normally buried below the frost line to prevent them from freezing. Foundations are normally built below the frost depth for this reason. įrost front refers to the varying position of the frost line during seasonal periods of freezing and thawing.īuilding codes sometimes take frost depth into account because of frost heaving which can damage buildings by moving their foundations. Finally, in tropical regions, frost line may refer to the vertical geographic elevation below which frost does not occur. Below that depth, the temperature varies, but is always above 32 ☏ (0 ☌).Īlternatively, in Arctic and Antarctic locations the freezing depth is so deep that it becomes year-round permafrost, and the term " thaw depth" is used instead. Per Federal Highway Administration Publication Number FHWA-HRT-08-057, the maximum frost depth observed in the contiguous United States ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4 m). The line varies by latitude, it is deeper closer to the poles. For example, snow cover and asphalt insulate the ground and homes can heat the ground (see also heat island). The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources. The frost line-also known as frost depth or freezing depth-is most commonly the depth to which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze. You will get to understand these various charts and get to build them on your own.Not to be confused with the geographical feature Snow line. Starting with various line, bar and pie charts we introduce pivot charts, scatter plots and histograms. This module explores various advanced graphing and charting techniques available in Excel. Introduction to the charting capability of Excel. Use of Pivot tables with categorical as well as numerical data. A very powerful data summarizing tool, the Pivot Table, is also explained and we begin to introduce the charting feature of Excel. #Frost line ontario building code how to#
You’ll learn how to set filters in data to selectively access data. This module introduces various data filtering capabilities of Excel. Module 3: Introduction to Filtering, Pivot Tables, and Charts Learners are introduced to the IF, nested IF, VLOOKUP and the HLOOKUP functions of Excel. This module introduces various Excel functions to organize and query data. Module 2: Spreadsheet Functions to Organize Data
Using formulas in Excel and their copy and paste using absolute and relative referencing. ěasic functions in Excel, arithmetic as well as various logical functions. Reading data into Excel using various formats. In this module, you will be introduced to the use of Excel spreadsheets and various basic data functions of Excel. #Frost line ontario building code windows#
To successfully complete course assignments, students must have access to a Windows version of Microsoft Excel 2010 or later. All along, Excel functionality is introduced using easy to understand examples which are demonstrated in a way that learners can become comfortable in understanding and applying them. The course takes you from basic operations such as reading data into excel using various data formats, organizing and manipulating data, to some of the more advanced functionality of Excel. The course is designed keeping in mind two kinds of learners - those who have very little functional knowledge of Excel and those who use Excel regularly but at a peripheral level and wish to enhance their skills. This is an introductory course in the use of Excel and is designed to give you a working knowledge of Excel with the aim of getting to use it for more advance topics in Business Statistics later. It is a very powerful data analysis tool and almost all big and small businesses use Excel in their day to day functioning. The use of Excel is widespread in the industry.
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